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Carl Shapiro
cmucl
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2a29eca2
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2a29eca2
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ram
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-*- Mode: Text,Fill -*-
General Design Notes on the Motif Toolkit Interface
---------------------------------------------------
Data Transport --
-----------------
Packet format -
Header:
32 bits ... serial number |
16 bits ... sequence position | This header
16 bits ... sequence length | takes 12 bytes
32 bits ... packet length (including header) |
Data:
(packet_length - 12) bytes of information
- Packets have a fixed maximum size (4k).
- Packets a grouped together to form random length messages. The
sequence length refers to how many packets comprise the message, and each
packet is tagged with its position in that sequence.
- All packets in the same message have the same serial number.
- Messages are built up as their constituent packets arrive. It should
be possible to interleave the packets of different messages and still have
the individual messages be constructued properly.
- It is tacitly assumed that packets arrive in their proper sequence order.
- A packet with a sequence position/length field denoting [0 of 0] is a
cancellation packet. The message having that serial number should be
discarded.
Data format -
- Each data entry in a message is represented as:
8 bits ... type tag
24 bits ... immediate data
rest ... other data (if necessary)
Greeting Protocol --
-------------------
When a Lisp process first establishes a connection to the server, it
sends a 16 bit quantity which represents "1" to it. The server using this
to decide whether to byte swap words when sending them to Lisp. The
general policy is that all data is presented to the Lisp process in the
order that Lisp uses.
Following the byte swapping information, the Lisp process sends an
initial message which contains:
- A string giving the target X display name
- A string for the application name
- A string for the application class
Request Protocol --
-------------------
Request format:
16 bits ... request opcode
8 bits ... request flags (0=nothing, 1=require confirm)
8 bits ... argument count (unused)
At the moment, the request flags field is used only to indicate whether
the Lisp client desires a confirmation message when the request is finished
processing. If the request returns any values, this counts as the
confirmation. Otherwise, an empty confirmation message will be sent.
Server reply format:
32 bits ... response tag
rest ... return data (if any)
The response tag can have the following values:
- CONFIRM_REPLY ... confirmation (for synchronization)
- VALUES_REPLY ... return values from a request
- CALLBACK_REPLY ... a widget callback has been invoked
- EVENT_REPLY ... an X event handler has been invoked
- ERROR_REPLY ... an error has occurred
- WARNING_REPLY ... a non-fatal problem has occurred
- PROTOCOL_REPLY ... a protocol callback has been invoked
Object Representations --
-------------------------
Data format in message -
Accelerators 32 bit integer ID
Atom 32 bit Atom ID
Boolean 24 bit immediate data
Color 24 bit immediate data (Red value) followed by
2 16 bit words for Green and Blue
Colormap 32 bit Colormap XID
Compound Strings 32 bit address
Cursor 32 bit Cursor XID
Enumeration 24 bit immediate integer
Font 32 bit Font XID
Font List 32 bit integer ID
Function 24 bit immediate token
Int 32 bit integer
List 24 bit immediate data (length) followed by each element
recorded in order
Pixmap 32 bit Pixmap XID
Short 24 bit immediate integer
Strings 24 bit immediate data (length of string including \0)
followed by string data padded to end on a word boundary
... or ...
Strings 24 bit immediate token (for common strings)
Translations 32 bit integer ID
Widgets 32 bit integer ID
Window 32 bit Window XID
- For objects such as translations, widgets, accelerators, font lists,
and compound strings, the 32 bit ID is just the address of the object in
the C server process. They are represented in Lisp by structures which
encapsulate their ID's and provide them with Lisp data types (other than
simply INTEGER).
Information in widget structure -
- integer ID for identifying the widget to the C server
- widget class keyword (eg. :FORM, :PUSH-BUTTON-GADGET, :UNKNOWN)
- parent widget
- list of (knowen) children
- USER-DATA slot for programmer use
- list of active callback lists | These are for internal use
- list of active protocol lists | in cleaning up Lisp state
- list of active event handlers | on widget destruction
Callback handlers --
--------------------
- A callback handler is defined as:
(defun handler (widget call-data &rest client-data) ....)
- The WIDGET argument is the widget for which the callback is being invoked.
- The CLIENT-DATA &rest argument allows the programmer to pass an
arbitrary number of Lisp objects to the callback procedure. [Note: this
deviates from CLM and Motif in C].
- The CALL-DATA argument provides the information passed by Motif
regarding the reason for the callback and any other relevant information.
- The XEvent which generated the event may be accessed by:
(with-callback-event (event call-data)
....)
- Action procedures are used in translation tables as:
<Key> q: Lisp(SOME-PACKAGE:MY-FUNCTION)\n
- Action procedures may access their event information by:
(with-action-event (event call-data)
....)
- Where callback data is passed in structures, XEvents are represented
as aliens. This is because XEvents are rather large. This saves the
consing of large structures for each event processed.
- Actions to be taken after the callback handler terminates the server's
callback loop can be registered by:
(with-callback-deferred-actions <forms>)
Structure of the Server --
----------------------------------
When the server process is started, it establishes standard sockets for
clients to connect to it and waits for incoming connections. When a client
connects to the server, the server will fork a new process (unless
"-nofork" was specified on the command line) to deal with incoming requests
from the client. The result of this is that each logical application has
its own dedicated request server. This prevents event handling in one
application from blocking event dispatching in another.
Each request server is essentially an event loop. It waits for an event
to occur, and dispatchs that event to the appropriate handlers. If the
event represents input available on the client connection, it reads the
message off the stream and executes the corresponding request. If the
event is an X event or a Motif callback, relevant information about that
event is packed into a message and sent to the Lisp client. After sending
the event notification, the server will enter a callback event loop to
allow processing of requests from the client's callback procedure.
However, during the callback event loop, only input events from the client
will be processed; all other events will be deferred until the callback is
terminated.
The server supports a standard means for reading and writing data
objects into messages for communication with the Lisp client. For every
available type of data which may be transported there are reader and writer
functions. For instance, WIDGET is a valid type for argument data. Two
functions are defined in the server: message_read_widget() and
message_write_widget(). To allow for a more generalized interface to
argument passing, the server defines the functions toolkit_write_value()
and toolkit_read_value(). These functions are passed data and a type
identifier; it is their job to look up the correct reader/writer function.
Clearly, if the type of an argument is known at compile time then it is
best to use the specific reader/writer functions. However, if such type
information is not known at compile time, as is the case with arbitrary
resource lists, the higher level toolkit_xxx_value() functions are the only
available options.
Structure of the Client --
--------------------------
Adding New Requests to the System --
------------------------------------
In order to add a new function to the toolkit interface, this new
function must be declared in both C and Lisp.
Lisp provides a convenient macro interface for writing the necessary RPC
stub. The form of this definition is:
(def-toolkit-request <C name> <Lisp name> <:confirm|:no-confirm>
"Documentation string"
(<arguments>)
(<return-values>)
<optional forms>)
Entries in the argument list should be of the form (<name> <type>). The
return value list is simply a list of types of the return value(s). Any
forms supplied at the end will be executed in a context where the arguments
are bound to the given names and the return value is bound to RESULT (if
there was only one) or FIRST, SECOND, ..., FOURTH (for up to 4 return
values). At the moment, the interface does not support any more than 4
return values. You must also specify a value for the confirmation option
(:CONFIRM or :NO-CONFIRM). If you expect return values, you must specify
:CONFIRM in order to receive them. Otherwise, you may specify :NO-CONFIRM.
Use of :NO-CONFIRM allows for increased efficiency since the client will
issue a request but not wait for any response. All function prototypes
should be placed in the prototypes.lisp file. A few examples of request
prototypes:
(def-toolkit-request "XtSetSensitive" set-sensitive :no-confirm
"Sets the event sensitivity of the given widget."
;;
;; Takes two arguments: widget and sensitivep
((widget widget) (sensitivep (member t nil)))
;;
;; No return values expected
())
(def-toolkit-request "XtIsManaged" is-managed :confirm
"Returns a value indicating whether the specified widget is managed."
;;
;; Takes one argument: widget
((widget widget))
;;
;; Expects one return value (which is a boolean)
((member t nil)))
(def-toolkit-request "XmSelectionBoxGetChild" selection-box-get-child
:confirm
"Accesses a child component of a SelectionBox widget."
;;
;; Takes two arguments: w and child
((w widget) (child keyword))
;;
;; Expects a return value which is a widget
(widget)
;;
;; Now we execute some code to maintain the state of the world.
;; Given that this widget may be one we don't know about, we must
;; register it as the child of one we do know about.
(widget-add-child w result)
(setf (widget-type result) :unknown))
After adding a request prototype in Lisp, you must add the actual code
to process the request to the C server code. The general form of the
request function should be:
int R<name>(message_t message)
{
int arg;
...
toolkit_read_value(message,&arg,XtRInt);
...
}
Where <name> is the C name given in the request prototype above. You must
also add an entry for this function in the functions.h file. An example of
a standard request function is:
int RXtCreateWidget(message_t message)
{
String name;
WidgetClass class;
Widget w,parent;
ResourceList resources;
toolkit_read_value(message,&name,XtRString);
toolkit_read_value(message,&class,XtRWidgetClass);
toolkit_read_value(message,&parent,XtRWidget);
resources.class = class;
resources.parent = parent;
toolkit_read_value(message,&resources,ExtRResourceList);
w = XtCreateWidget(name,class,parent,
resources.args,resources.length);
reply_with_widget(message,w);
}
Certain standard functions for returning arguments are provided in the file
requests.c; reply_with_widget() is an example of these.
Summary of differences with CLM --
----------------------------------
- X objects (eg. windows, fonts, pixmaps) are represented as CLX objects
rather than the home-brewed representations of CLM. As a consequence, this
requires that CLX be present in the core. If this were to cause
unacceptable core bloat, a skeletal CLX could be built which only supported
the required functionality.
- Stricter naming conventions are used, in particular for enumerated
types. A value named XmFOO_BAR in C will be called :foo-bar in Lisp,
consistently. Abbreviations such as :form (for :attach-form) are not
allowed since they are often ambiguous. Where CLM abbreviates callback
names (eg. XmNactivateCallback becomes :activate), we do not (eg.
:activate-callback).
- Some differently named functions which can be resolved without undo
hassle.
- Passing of information to callbacks and event handlers. In CLM,
callback handlers are defined as:
(defun handler (widget client-data &rest call-data) .... )
The client-data argument is some arbitrary data which was stashed with the
callback when it was registered by the application. The call-data
represents the call-data information provided by Motif to the callback
handler. Each data item of the callback information is passed as a
separate argument. In our world, callback handlers are defined as:
(defun handler (widget call-data &rest client-data) .... )
The call-data is packaged into a structure and passed as a single argument
and the user is allowed to register any number of items to be passed to the
callback as client-data. Being able to pass several items of client-data
is more convenient for the programmer and the packaging of the call-data
information is more appealing than splitting it apart into separate
arguments. Also, CLM only transports a limited subset of the available
callback information. We transport all information. Event handlers differ
in the same way. The client-data is the &rest arg and the event info is
packaged as a single object. Accessing the generating event in a callback
handler is done in the following manner:
(defun handler (widget call-data &rest client-data)
(with-callback-event (event call-data)
;; Access slots of event such as:
;; (event-window event) or
;; (button-event-x event)
))
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-*- Mode: Text, Fill -*-
Naming conventions --
---------------------
In general, names in the Lisp Motif interface are derived directly from
the C original. The following rules apply:
1) Drop "Xt" and "Xm" (also "XmN","XmC", etc.) prefixes
2) Separate words by dashes ("-") rather than capitalization
3) Resource names and enumeration values are given as keywords
4) Replace underscores ("_") with dashes ("-")
Examples:
- XtCreateWidget --> create-widget
- XmNlabelString --> :label-string
- XmVERTICAL --> :vertical
Some exceptions:
- Compound string functions (XmString...) are prefixed by
"compound-string-" rather than "string-" in Lisp.
Functions or resources, with the exception of the compound-string-xxx
functions, which require compound string arguments, may be given Lisp
SIMPLE-STRINGs instead.
The arguments to functions are typically the same as the C Motif
equivalents. Some exceptions are:
- Widget creation functions have a &rest arg for resource values.
- Functions which take a string table/length pair in C only take a
list of strings in Lisp.
- Registering functions such as ADD-CALLBACK use a &rest arg for
registering an arbitrary number of client-data items.
Starting things up --
---------------------
The Motif toolkit interface is divided into two parts. First, there is
a server process written in C which provides an RPC interface to Motif
functions. The other half is a Lisp package which connects to the server
and makes requests on the user's behalf. The Motif interface is exported
from the TOOLKIT (or XT) package.
Variables controlling connections:
*DEFAULT-SERVER-HOST* - a string naming the machine where the Motif
server is to be found. The default is NIL, which causes a connection to
be made using a Unix domain socket on the local machine. Any other name
must be a valid machine name, and the client will connect using Internet
domain sockets.
*DEFAULT-DISPLAY* - determines the display on which to open windows.
The default value of NIL instructs the system to consult the DISPLAY
environment variable. Any other value must be a string naming a valid X
display.
*DEFAULT-TIMEOUT-INTERVAL* - an integer specifying how many seconds the
Lisp process will wait for input before assuming that the connection to the
server has timed out.
Handling Connections:
OPEN-MOTIF-CONNECTION (hostname xdisplay-name app-name app-class) --
Opens a connection to a server on the named host and opens a display
connection to the named X display. The app-name and app-class are for
defining the application name and class for use in resource specifications.
An optional process-id argument can be passed if a local server process has
already been created. This returns a MOTIF-CONNECTION object.
CLOSE-MOTIF-CONNECTION (connection) -- This closes a toolkit
connection which was created by OPEN-MOTIF-CONNECTION.
*MOTIF-CONNECTION* -- Bound in contexts such as callback handlers to
the currently active toolkit connection.
*X-DISPLAY* -- Bound in contexts such as callback handlers to the
currently active CLX display.
WITH-MOTIF-CONNECTION ((connection) &body forms) -- This macro
establishes the necessary context for invoking toolkit functions outside of
callback/event handlers.
WITH-CLX-REQUESTS (&body forms) -- Macro that ensures that all CLX
requests made within its body will be flushed to the X server before
proceeding so that Motif functions may use the results.
RUN-MOTIF-APPLICATION (init-function) -- This is the standard CLM
entry point for creating a Motif application. The init-function argument
will be called to create and realize the interface. It returns the created
MOTIF-CONNECTION object. Available keyword arguments are:
:init-args -- list of arguments to pass to init-function
:application-class -- application class (default "Lisp")
:application-name -- application name (default "lisp")
:server-host -- name of Motif server to connect to
:display -- name of X display to connect to
QUIT-APPLICATION () -- This is the standard function for closing down a
Motif application. You can call it within your callbacks to terminate the
application.
The Server --
-------------
The C server is run by the "motifd" program. This will create both Inet
and Unix sockets for the Lisp client to connect to. By default, the Inet
and Unix sockets will be specific to the user.
When a Lisp client connects to the server, it forks a copy of itself.
Thus each Lisp application has an exclusive connection to a single C server
process. To terminate the server, just ^C it.
Switches to change behavior:
-global ... Sockets created for use by everyone rather than
being user-specific.
-local ... No Inet socket is created and the Unix socket is
process-specific
-noinet ... Instructs the server not to create an Inet socket.
-nounix ... Instructs the server not to create a Unix socket.
-nofork ... Will keep the server from forking when connections are
made. This is useful when debugging the server or when
you want the server to die when the application terminates.
-trace ... Will spit out lots of stuff about what the server is
doing. This is only for debugging purposes.
Typically, users do not need to be concerned with server switches since,
by default, servers are created automatically by your Lisp process.
However, if you wish to share servers, or use servers across the network,
you will need to run the server manually.
Widget creation --
------------------
CREATE-APPLICATION-SHELL (&rest resources) -- Creates the
applicationShell widget for a new Motif application.
CREATE-WIDGET
CREATE-MANAGED-WIDGET (name class parent &rest resources) -- These
create new widgets. CREATE-WIDGET does not automatically manage the
created widget, while CREATE-MANAGED-WIDGET does.
CREATE-<widget_class> (parent name &rest resources) -- Convenience
function which creates a new widget of class <widget_class>. For instance,
CREATE-FORM will create a new XmForm widget.
*CONVENIENCE-AUTO-MANAGE* -- Controls whether convenience functions
automatically manage the widgets they create. The default is NIL.
Callbacks --
------------
Callbacks are registered with the ADD-CALLBACK function. Unlike Motif
in C, an arbitrary number of client-data items can be registered with the
callback. Callback functions should be defined as:
(defun callback-handler (widget call-data &rest client-data) ... )
The passed widget is that in which the callback has occurred, and the
call-data is a structure which provides more detailed information on the
callback. Client-data is some number of arguments which have been
registered with the callback handler. The slots of the call-data structure
can be derived from the C structure name using the standard name conversion
rules. For example, the call-data structure for button presses has the
following slot (aside from the standard ones): click-count.
To access the X event which generated the callback, use the following:
(defun handler (widget call-data &rest client-data)
(with-callback-event (event call-data)
;; Use event structure here
))
Since callback procedures are processed synchronously, the Motif server
will remain blocked to event handling until the callback finishes. This
can be potentially troublesome, but there are two ways of dealing with this
problem. The first alternative is the function UPDATE-DISPLAY. Invoking
this function during your callback function will force the server to
process any pending redraw events before continuing. The other (slightly
more general) method is to register deferred actions with the callback
handling mechanism. Deferred actions will be invoked after the server is
released to process other events and the callback is officially terminated.
Deferred actions are not invoked if the current application was destroyed
as a result of the callback, since any requests to the server would refer
to an application context which was no longer valid. The syntax for their
usage is:
(with-callback-deferred-actions <forms>)
You may register only one set of deferred actions within the body of any
particular callback procedure, as well as within event handlers and action
procedures. Registering a second (or more) set of deferred actions will
overwrite all previous ones.
When using deferred action procedures, care must be taken to avoid
referencing invalid data. Some information available within callbacks is
only valid within the body of that callback and is discarded after the
callback terminates. For instance, events can only be retrieved from the
call-data structure within the callback procedure. Thus the code
(with-callback-deferred-actions
(with-callback-event (event call-data)
(event-type event)))
is incorrect since the event will be fetched after the callback is
terminated, at which point the event information will be unavailable.
However, the code
(with-callback-event (event call-data)
(with-callback-deferred-actions
(event-type event)))
is perfectly legitimate. The event will be fetched during the callback and
will be closed over in the deferred action procedure.
Action procedures --
--------------------
Action procedures can be registerd in translation tables as in the
following example:
<Key> q: Lisp(SOME-PACKAGE:MY-FUNCTION)\n
The generating X event can be accessed within the action handler using:
(with-action-event (event call-data)
... use event here ...
)
Event handlers --
-----------------
X events are also represented as structured objects with slot names
which are directly translated from the C equivalent. The accessor
functions are named by <event name>-<slot name>. Some examples:
(event-window event) ... This applies to all events
(event-type event) ... So does this
(button-event-x event) | Some button event
(button-event-button event) | accessors
At the moment, XClientMessage and XKeyMap events are not supported (they
will be in the not too distant future).
Provided conveniences --
------------------------
Since Motif requires the use of font lists for building non-trivial
compound strings, there are some Lisp functions to ease the pain of building
them:
BUILD-SIMPLE-FONT-LIST (name font-spec) -- Returns a font list of
with the given name associated with the given font. For example,
(build-simple-font-list "MyFont" "8x13")
BUILD-FONT-LIST (flist-spec) -- This allows for the construction of
font lists with more than one font. An example:
(build-font-list `(("EntryFont" ,entry-font-name)
("HeaderFont" ,header-font-name)
("ItalicFont" ,italic-font-name)))
There are certain callbacks which are of general use, and standard ones
are provided for the programmer's convenience. For all callbacks except
QUIT-APPLICATION-CALLBACK, you register some number of widgets with
ADD-CALLBACK. These will be the widgets acted upon by the callback:
QUIT-APPLICATION-CALLBACK () -- Callback to terminate the current
application.
DESTROY-CALLBACK -- Destroys all the widgets passed to it.
MANAGE-CALLABCK -- Manages all the widgets passed to it.
UNMANAGE-CALLBACK -- Unmanages all the widgets passed to it.
POPUP-CALLBACK -- Calls popup on all widgets passed to it.
POPDOWN-CALLBACK -- Calls popdown on all widgets passed to it.
Some random notes --
--------------------
- When using functions such as REMOVE-CALLBACK, the client-data passed
must be EQUAL to the client-data passed to ADD-CALLBACK.
- When using REMOVE-CALLBACK, etc., the function may be supplied as
either 'FUNCTION or #'FUNCTION. However, they are considered different so
use the same one when adding and removing callbacks.
- You cannot directly access the XmNitems resources for List widgets and
relatives. Instead, use (SET-ITEMS <widget> ....) and (GET-ITEMS
<widget>).
Things that are missing --
--------------------------
1) Real documentation
2) Support for XClientMessage and XKeyMap events
3) Callback return values (eg. XmTextCallback's)
4) Ability to send strings longer than 4096 bytes.
All these things should start appearing in the next few weeks.
A brief example --
------------------
(defun my-callback (widget call-data quit)
(format t "Got callback on ~A~%" widget)
(format t "Callback reason was ~A~%" (any-callback-reason call-data))
(format t "Quit button is ~A~%" quit))
(defun test-init ()
(let* ((shell (create-application-shell))
(rc (create-row-column shell "rowColumn"))
(quit (create-push-button-gadget rc "quitButton"
:label-string "Quit"))
(button (create-push-button-gadget rc "button"
:highlight-on-enter t
:shadow-thickness 0
:label-string "This is a button")))
(add-callback quit :activate-callback #'quit-application-callback)
(add-callback button :activate-callback 'my-callback quit)
(manage-child rc)
(manage-children quit button)
(realize-widget shell)))
(defun test ()
(run-motif-application 'test-init))
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